A comprehensive survey of the earliest complex tools made by early humans, from hafted axes and spears to bows, woodworking implements, and symbolic artifacts, examining archaeological evidence and scholarly debates.
Prehistory - Research Articles
Earliest Known Musical Instruments (Archaeological Evidence)
A comprehensive survey of the world’s earliest known musical instruments from archaeological evidence, including Paleolithic bone flutes, ancient drums, bullroarers, and the first stringed instruments.
Evolutionary Models of the History of Consciousness
A comprehensive survey of thinkers who proposed evolutionary models of human consciousness, from Hegel and Comte to Gebser and Wilber, mapping stages from primitive to modern awareness.
When Symbols Get Real: The First Hard Evidence for Homo sapiens Symbolic Thought
A stricter audit of the archaeological record that only counts true symbols-ritual burial and figurative art-and shunts beads, ochre crayon-shavings, and doodles to the kiddie table.